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Physics Maths Engineering

Extreme Convective Gusts in the Contiguous USA

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Nicholas John Cook

Nicholas John Cook

Independent Researcher, Highcliffe-on-Sea, Dorset BH23 5DH, UK


  Peer Reviewed

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© attribution CC-BY

  • 0

rating
379 Views

Added on

2024-10-22

Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3030015

Related Subjects
Physics
Math
Chemistry
Computer science
Engineering
Earth science
Biology

Abstract

Most damage to buildings across the contiguous United States of America (USA) is caused by gusts in convective events associated with thunderstorms. Design rules for structures to resist these events rely on the integrity of meteorological observations and the methods of assessment. These issues were addressed for the US Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS) in six preliminary studies published in 2022 and 2023, allowing this present study to focus on the analysis and reporting of gust events observed between 2000 and 2023 at 642 well-exposed ASOS stations distributed across the contiguous USA. It has been recently recognized that the response of buildings to convective gusts, which are non-stationary transient events, differs in character from the response to the locally stationary atmospheric boundary gusts, requiring gust events to be classified and assessed by type. This study sorts the mixture of all observed gust events exceeding 20 kn, but excluding contributions from hurricanes and tropical storms, into five classes of valid meteorological types and two classes of invalid artefacts. The valid classes are individually fitted to optimal sub-asymptotic models through extreme value analysis. Classes are recombined into a joint mixture model and compared with current design rules.

Key Questions and Answers

1. What is frost drought?

Frost drought is tree desiccation caused by evaporative pressure while trees are in frozen soils, leading to water imbalance due to ice blockage.

2. How does winter stem contraction (WSC) relate to frost drought?

WSC occurs due to freeze-thaw cycles, driven by ice blockage and hydraulic imbalance caused by water losses.

3. What factors influence WSC?

WSC magnitude is influenced by species, elevation, tree height, and freeze-thaw events.

4. How does frost drought affect trees at higher elevations?

At higher elevations, frost drought is more common due to high evaporative forces while roots remain frozen.

5. What is the ecological significance of frost drought?

Frost drought is debated; some believe it helps establish tree lines, while others think mature trees can survive its effects.

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ARTICLE USAGE


Article usage: Oct-2024 to May-2025
Show by month Manuscript Video Summary
2025 May 44 44
2025 April 58 58
2025 March 59 59
2025 February 51 51
2025 January 48 48
2024 December 41 41
2024 November 48 48
2024 October 30 30
Total 379 379
Show by month Manuscript Video Summary
2025 May 44 44
2025 April 58 58
2025 March 59 59
2025 February 51 51
2025 January 48 48
2024 December 41 41
2024 November 48 48
2024 October 30 30
Total 379 379
Related Subjects
Physics
Math
Chemistry
Computer science
Engineering
Earth science
Biology
copyright icon

© attribution CC-BY

  • 0

rating
379 Views

Added on

2024-10-22

Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3030015

Related Subjects
Physics
Math
Chemistry
Computer science
Engineering
Earth science
Biology

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