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Biomedical

An Overview of the Epigenetic Modifications in the Brain under Normal and Pathological Conditions

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Laura Lossi,

Laura Lossi

Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy


Claudia Castagna,

Claudia Castagna

Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy


Adalberto Merighi

Adalberto Merighi

Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy


  Peer Reviewed

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© attribution CC-BY

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520 Views

Added on

2024-10-25

Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073881

Related Subjects
Anatomy
Biochemistry
Epidemiology
Genetics
Neuroscience
Psychology
Oncology
Medicine
Musculoskeletal science
Pediatrics
Pathology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Psychiatry
Primary care
Women and reproductive health

Abstract

Epigenetic changes are changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence. These changes lead to establishing a so-called epigenetic code that dictates which and when genes are activated, thus orchestrating gene regulation and playing a central role in development, health, and disease. The brain, being mostly formed by cells that do not undergo a renewal process throughout life, is highly prone to the risk of alterations leading to neuronal death and neurodegenerative disorders, mainly at a late age. Here, we review the main epigenetic modifications that have been described in the brain, with particular attention on those related to the onset of developmental anomalies or neurodegenerative conditions and/or occurring in old age. DNA methylation and several types of histone modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, lactylation, and crotonylation) are major players in these processes. They are directly or indirectly involved in the onset of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, this review briefly describes the roles of these epigenetic changes in the mechanisms of brain development, maturation, and aging and some of the most important factors dynamically regulating or contributing to these changes, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

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ARTICLE USAGE


Article usage: Oct-2024 to May-2025
Show by month Manuscript Video Summary
2025 May 119 119
2025 April 76 76
2025 March 72 72
2025 February 55 55
2025 January 89 89
2024 December 38 38
2024 November 48 48
2024 October 23 23
Total 520 520
Show by month Manuscript Video Summary
2025 May 119 119
2025 April 76 76
2025 March 72 72
2025 February 55 55
2025 January 89 89
2024 December 38 38
2024 November 48 48
2024 October 23 23
Total 520 520
Related Subjects
Anatomy
Biochemistry
Epidemiology
Genetics
Neuroscience
Psychology
Oncology
Medicine
Musculoskeletal science
Pediatrics
Pathology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Psychiatry
Primary care
Women and reproductive health
copyright icon

© attribution CC-BY

  • 0

rating
520 Views

Added on

2024-10-25

Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073881

Related Subjects
Anatomy
Biochemistry
Epidemiology
Genetics
Neuroscience
Psychology
Oncology
Medicine
Musculoskeletal science
Pediatrics
Pathology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Psychiatry
Primary care
Women and reproductive health

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